Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) are becoming key components in optical communication, sensing, quantum technologies, and optical computing. Optical couplers are among the most fundamental building blocks of PICs, enabling controlled power transfer between waveguides and forming the basis for devices such as Mach-Zehnder interferometers, switches, filters, and optical sensors.
The performance of a PIC strongly depends on the efficiency, bandwidth, fabrication tolerance, and footprint of its couplers. Numerical simulation tools such as Lumerical MODE and FDTD provide powerful methods for the design and optimization of such devices before fabrication.
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