Preface

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction

1.1. English in Kenya and the International Corpus of English
1.2. Aims and objectives
1.3. Definitions of key terms
1.3.1. Subordination
1.3.2. Text type
1.3.3. Function

2. Review of Literature: Text Types and Medium-Related Classification

2.1. Text types
2.2. Spoken and written discourse
2.2.1. Syntactic complexity
2.2.2. Functions of specific syntactic features in spoken and written textual dimensions
2.2.2.1. Functions of nominal that clauses
2.2.2.2. Functions of relative infinitives
2.2.2.3. Functions of adverbial clauses

3. Methodology

3.1. Data collection procedures
3.1.1. Sampling the language of English speakers and writers in Kenya
3.1.2. The spoken language
3.1.3. The written language
3.1.4. Sampling principles and the subcorpus
3.1.5. Transcribing and analysing oral texts
3.2. Data analysis procedures
3.2.1. Categories of analysis and coding
3.2.2. Statistical procedures of analysis

4. Classification and Description of Subordinate Clauses

4.1. The syntax of nominal clauses
4.1.1. Nominal that clauses
4.1.2. Subordinate interrogative clauses
4.1.3. Subordinate exclamative clauses
4.1.4. Nominal relative clauses
4.1.5. To-infinitive clauses
4.1.6. -Ing clauses
4.1.7. Bare infinitives and verbless clauses
4.1.8. Verb complementation
4.1.9. Direct speech
4.2. Adverbial clauses
4.2.1. The syntax of adverbial clauses
4.2.2. The semantics of adverbial clauses
4.2.2.1. Clauses of time
4.2.2.2. Clauses of reason
4.2.2.3. Clauses of purpose
4.2.2.4. Clauses of condition
4.2.2.5. Other semantic categories of adverbial clauses
4.3. Obligatory and optional clauses
4.3.1. Classification of -ing forms
4.3.2. Classification of to-infinitive forms
4.4. Relative clauses
4.4.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses
4.4.2. Non-finite relative constructions
4.5. Comparative clauses
4.6. Second language specific variation

5. The Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

5.1. Subordination as a feature of syntactic complexity
5.2. The distribution of non-finite structures as obligatory and optional clauses
5.2.1. The distribution of -ing clauses
5.2.1.1. Optional adverbial -ing clauses without a conjunction or subordinator
5.2.1.2. Optional adverbial -ing clauses with a conjunction or subordinator
5.2.2. The distribution of the to-infinitive
5.2.2.1. To-infinitives as complements of nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions
5.2.2.2. To-infinitives as adverbial clauses
5.2.2.3. To- infinitives as nominal postmodification (i.e. relative clauses)
5.3. The distribution of types of subordinate clauses according to text type
5.3.1. The distribution of nominal clauses
5.3.1.1. Nominal that clauses
5.3.1.2. Nominal -ing clauses
5.3.1.3. Nominal relative clauses (finite)
5.3.1.4. Nominal interrogative clauses (finite)
5.3.1.5. Clauses of direct speech
5.3.1.6. A comparison of the forms of nominal complementation of adjectives and verbs
5.3.2. The distribution of adverbial clauses
5.3.2.1. Clauses of time
5.3.2.2. Clauses of reason
5.3.2.3. Clauses of purpose
5.3.2.4. Clauses of condition
5.3.2.5. Other semantic categories of adverbial clauses
5.3.3. The distribution of relative clauses
5.3.3.1. Finite relative clauses
5.3.3.2. Non-finite relative clauses
5.3.3.3. Finite adverbial relatives

6. Conclusion

6.1. A formal description of the text types
6.1.1. The spoken data
6.1.2. The creative data
6.1.3. The personal columns
6.1.4. The editorials
6.2. Linguistic co-occurrence and function
6.2.1. Spoken and written language
6.2.2. Involvement
6.2.3. The narrative and creativity continua
6.2.4. Persuasive journalistic writing
6.2.5. The formality cline
6.3. The significance of the findings for comparative studies and second language variety English

Appendices

Bibliography

Deutsche Zusammenfassung

About the Author