Prof. Dr. Bernhard Nauck

Resident foreign citizens in Germany, a country that cannot deny its character as a country of immigration, number around 6.7 million out of Germany’s total population of 82.4 million inhabitants. Relative to the native population, the age structure among people with migration background is shifted considerably younger. The share of children living with parents who have a migration background is quite large: More than 1 million children under 17 years of age are foreign citizens. This paper draws a portrait of immigrant children in comparison to native children. Data being analysed for this purpose make clear that children with migration background are disadvantaged in most sectors of life: Large shares of these children grow up in households with difficult financial straits and under less than optimal housing conditions. Young children with migration background face disadvantages in preschool and many are held back due to limited German language proficiency. Children and youth in foreign-born families tend to start school later and repeat classes more often. Children with migration background are not adequately supplied with health care, mainly because they and their parents less often participate in early diagnosis and preventive care. Youth with migration background are more involved in violent crimes.

Keywords: Immigrant child - Family environment - Employment - Health - Poverty - Deviant behaviour

The present study compares parity-specific fertility patterns of West and East German women (from birth cohorts 1970 and younger) after German reunification using panel data from the GSOEP (waves 1990 through 2006). Whereas the transition rate for the birth of the fi rst child tends to be higher in the East German than in the West German sub-sample, the likelihood of second births remains considerably higher among West German women across time. The analyses presented comprise a detailed comparative test of different intervening mechanisms, represented by sociocultural orientations and social inequalities resulting from the societal transformation process. Although the transition rate to fi rst births among East German women is lowered by their higher education and work aspirations, their higher degree of family orientation promotes their propensity to start a family. Surprisingly, the higher proportion of persons without a denomination in East Germany promotes the transition to parenthood because it accelerates both the engagement in and the consolidation of intimate relationships. The lower transition rate to second births among East German women is partly accounted for by the higher work aspirations, by the lower religiosity and by the lower general life satisfaction in this subgroup.